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Rehabilitation Act

In 1998 the U.S. Congress has ordered that the Rehabilitation Act by providing for the obligation of federal agencies make their electronic and information technology accessible to people with disabilities.
Section 508 in particular was designed to eliminate barriers in information technology in order to make available new opportunities for people with disabilities and encourage the development of technologies that can help achieve these goals.
This law applies to all federal agencies when they develop, procure, maintain or use electronic and computer technologies. In Section 508 is also planned that the agencies to provide disabled employees and members, a public access to information that is comparable to those available to anyone else.

One of the requirements for the web is to make the graphics of the web pages accessible through text labels and descriptors that could be interpreted by assistive technologies such as screen readers and Braille displays dynamic. The sixteen
requirements found in Section 508 on the web are accompanied by recommendations on how to implement these requirements, but these standards have not been updated since December 2000.

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WAI-ARIA

WAI-ARIA, the package for Internet applications available, sets out a methodology to make Web content and applications more accessible to individuals with disabilities. Of particular help in the case of dynamic content and control interfaces developed in Ajax, HTML, JavaScript and similar technologies.
At some features used on websites are not available for all users with disabilities, especially those who depend on screen readers and people who can not use the mouse. WAI-ARIA addresses these accessibility issues, for example, defining new ways to bring these capabilities to the supporting technologies.

Internet sites use user interfaces more and more advanced and complex. To make this functionality support technologies must be able to interact with these functions. Despite all this, today, most of the websites that use advanced features does not make available the necessary information technology support to be able to interpret such structures.
An example of a barrier to accessibility is that of drag-and-drop "that is not available to users who can not use a mouse. Even relatively simple sites can be difficult if they require a high sequence of key strokes to navigate using only the keyboard.
If the contents of a Web page changes in response to a user action or according to a temporal event, such content may not be available for some people who depend on screen readers (such as blind or cognitive disability).
WAI-ARIA defines how information about these features can be provided to support technology in order to be accessible by the disabled.

More specifically, WAI-ARIA provides a framework to add attributes to identify features for user interaction, as they are related to each other, and their current status. WAI-ARIA describes new navigation techniques to identify common areas and facilities such as menus, primary content, secondary, banners, etc..
In this way, users will be able to move easily between areas of the page, rather than having to press the Tab key several times.

WAI-ARIA includes technologies to map controls, widgets, sensitive areas and events of Ajax to make these interfaces. Among the items found:

• identifiers to describe the type of widget used, such as a menu, a tree-list, slider, and an indicator of progress;
• roles that describe the structure of the page such as headers, regions, and tables;
• Properties to describe the state is located in the widget, as it could be "checked" for a checkbox, or "contienepopup" for a menu.
• Properties to define sensitive areas of a page that is updated frequently (such as stock quotes), and also Rules for such updates on the relay;
• Properties for the drag-and-drop that describe the sources and destinations;
• One way to provide the ability to navigate between objects and events from the keyboard.

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not only disabled

information that are accessible to users with disabilities are usually easy to access even from limited devices like mobile phones, smartphones and other devices connected to the network, which usually have limitations as to blow up the display, input devices do not standard and limited in their ability to play multimedia content. One more reason for the accessibility of Internet sites.

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Index Definitions

Summary Introduction

• Definitions
• not only disabled

International Standards

• WCAG
• WAI-ARIA
  
• eAccessibility
• Rehabilitation Act

Situation Italian

• Stanca Law
• Interministerial Commission
• CNIPA
• PubbliAccesso

Examples

• Success Stories

• AMIAT Torino
• Politecnico di Torino Città di Torino

• be improved

• Intrage

Conclusions

• Proposals

Appendices

• WCAG 1.0
• WCAG 2.0
• WCAG Samurai
• Stanca Law
• Circular PA
• White Paper

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Before we jump into the issue of accessibility is appropriate to clarify the sense in which that term is used in computing and distinguished from usability.

Accessibility refers to "the ability of computer systems, in the manner and to the extent permitted by technological knowledge, to provide services and information accessible to those who need supporting technologies or special configurations.

Usability is defined as "the effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction with which specified users achieve specified goals in particular contexts." In practice, defines the degree of ease and satisfaction with which the human-tool interaction is accomplished.

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Italy was among the countries more responsive in dealing with sensitive time for this topic. Already
in the late nineties the AIPA (CNIPA today) began to be interested in the issue of accessibility to information technology by the most disadvantaged groups in particular had opened adequate research along two lines.
The first was aimed at defining appropriate rules to ensure the interoperability of information systems
government and open solutions to proposals for innovative technologies formulated by the market.
The second was to identify regulatory intervention and technology necessary to avoid discrimination in the provision of government services, especially when delivered through the network. The first official intervention
out was formed by a circular directed to the Public Administration, which came out some basic principles on the subject.

In particular, we focus the following aspects:

• attention, in terms of accessibility to the sites of the PA in respect of all types of disabilities, both physical and cognitive;
• the importance of the entire architecture of the site and not only the web interface;
• accessibility as a quality index since the overall design of the site;
• the opportunity to observe the implementation of a site, the views expressed through the WAI WCAG 1.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) of the W3C.

The rise in government the responsibility for development of information public in 2001, through the appointment of a Minister for Innovation and Technologies, has made a decisive contribution to strengthening the focus on the topic ' access to new technologies by the most vulnerable.

The most immediate result of this Commission was represented by the White Paper on "Technologies for Disabilities: an inclusive society", which had the merit not only to raise awareness on this subject; but also to identify the next possible targets to be proposed to the attention of policy responsibilities.

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eAccessibility in Italy

Since the inception of the plan for e-government for Europe, the European Union
had clearly stated the principle that the process of development of information technologies and communication
should not lead to exclusions imposed on categories disadvantaged.

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WCAG

Guidelines for Accessible Web Content (WCAG [WCAG]) is one of the fruits produced by the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI [wai]), founded by an international consortium W3C [W3C].
recognized and adopted as a reference internationally by many nations,
WCAG guidelines serve as a support to create accessible content, not only for users with disabilities, but also for network access devices with limited functionality, such as mobile phones.

The first version of this document [wcag1.0] was published in 1999 and is still the reference document recommended by the W3C.
The requirements in WCAG 1.0 are divided into three groups according to levels of priority:

• Group 1: Developers of content for the Web must meet these requirements, it is impossible to access these contents by one or more groups. Compliance with these requirements is called the level "A".
• Group 2: Developers should meet the requirements of this group to avoid difficulties of access to certain categories of users. Web content developed according to these requirements is that the level of "AA".
• Group 3: Web developers could meet these requirements for greater ease of access for some users. Compliance with these requirements is described as the level "AAA".

The main limitations shown by the WCAG 1.0 arise in applying these criteria to the new technologies of the Web As one example, sites developed Flash or AJAX, the concept of "web page", used in WCAG 1.0, it becomes obsolete, since these technologies are based mostly in the changing of parts or units of information contained in the "pages". Nor, in the case of sites developed entirely in Flash, it is possible to speak of compliance with HTML, since Flash content is not based on HTML, and the latter was often only a function of "container" of Flash objects.

For these reasons and more, in 2001 published the first draft of what will soon become the final version of WCAG 2.0. In this version there is an attempt to separate the accessibility criteria of what may to be their application in practice, with the intention of being able to make these criteria applicable to the technologies available today, but also to those to be developed in the future.
However, the WCAG 2.0 has received heavy criticism of the excessive abstraction of the concepts, which makes them impossible to apply, and also to have deliberately left out some basic concepts held only because you can not test them with automated methods [WCAGsamurai].

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[note] The brass

From the evidence of Professor. I tried about WAI, WCAG and CNIPA . The thing that seemed sensible was to direct me on articles of Wikipedia talk about it, just to get an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat they were quick to put up without the epics and romances that are normally found in the pages of the official websites where they try "self-define" their role.

The bottom line is that the WAI is an initiative of the W3C . The W3C already know, is the consortium which deals with standards for the web, any kind of standardization of the web is treated by them.
Just to give you an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat the W3C is important enough to think that there is among the leaders Tim Berners-Lee , officially known as the inventor of the Web (having invented many of the technologies underlying its operation).
In particular, the WAI (Web Accessibility Initiative) is an initiative to make the Web more accessible worldwide.

The WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines), in turn, a group created by the WAI, and is concerned only to draw up guidelines that allow those who want to create accessible websites have methodological benchmarks.
also those who take this concern may also require verification of your site by the commission that will evaluate whether or not to, and with what degree, to publicly expose the compliance with the guidelines of the WCAG.

CNIPA (National Centre for Information Technology in Public Administration) is ... what the acronym says it all. Among other things, he also accessibility the web, but with national implementation.

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Summary

The lack of accessibility to media and information has always been a discriminating factor to those persons with limitations and disabilities.
Modern society lives an explosive evolution of the technologies of the media, so the accessibility of this information has become, today, is particularly needed.

For these reasons we are witnessing the emergence of study groups, both internationally and for local initiatives, dedicated to the development of accessibility standards to be used as a reference for the creation of new tools to as many people as possible.

The main difficulty we encounter in trying to develop a standard of accessibility is in practice, given the diversity of needs of those to be protected and the continued evolution of the media to which these standards must be applied.

In this text I will concentrate in particular on Web accessibility, seen as a means of information. I will address in a general way, the important historical milestones, and then concentrate on the present situation, both internationally and locally, in the development of documentation and guidelines for creating accessible materials, and related government regulations, ultimately, examples practical application these standards.

constructive criticism will conclude with a personal highlight strengths, flaws and inconsistencies of what has been done so far, proposing alternative solutions.

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[Notes] Introduction to the blog

This blog has as its main aim is to pin the place where thoughts, ideas and insights arising in dealing with the preparation and drafting of the monograph (project).

With the idea that this information may also be of help to someone else, I decided to make this process of analysis of the monographic theme.
The chronological order of publication of the post do not necessarily respect the final sequence in which topics will be presented in the monograph, but simply the sequence in which the material is analyzed.

Each post in this blog is believed to be the result of reflections, not conclusions or certainty, then decline any legal liability on the text published here. For any claim are available for the revision of parts of this blog may be deemed inappropriate.

If the player deems it necessary, can provide information relevant to the subject through the comment feature available for each post. Comments deemed irrelevant to the subject matter will be deleted.